Conclusion

Years of research has revealed that nature applies certain underlying principles in a spectacular variety of imaginative form. In this way nature:

1) Economizes the use of materials

2) Maximizes structural strength

3) Maximizes the enclosed volume

4) Produces extremely high strength-to-weight ratios

5) Utilizes stress and strain as a basis for structural efficiency

6) Creates energy efficiency through form without external power

7) Creates form that enhances air circulation

8) Uses local materials for building

9) Uses curvilinear forms that disperse and dissipate multi-directional forces

10) Integrates aerodynamic efficiency with structural form

11) Produces nothing that is toxic to the environment

12) Designs structures that can be built by a single organism

Note: Reference from Tsui, Eugene

Reference:

Ghyka, Matila The Geometry of Art and Life, 1946, Dover Publiccations edition, New York, 1977.

Hansell, Michael H. Animal Architecture and Building Behavior, London, England: Longman Group Ltd., 1984.

http://www.architectureweek.com/2001/0620/design_1-2.html

http://www.tdrinc.com/tsuihs.html

Hutchins, Ross E. Insect Builders and Craftsmen, Chicago:Rand McNally & Co,1959.

Jacobs, Herbert Building with Frank Lioyd Wright: An Illustrated Memior, Chronicle, San Francisio, 1978.

Pearson, David New Organic Architecture: The Breaking Wave, University of California Press,2001.

Tsui, Eugene Evolutionary Architecture: Nature as a Basis for Design, New York ; Chichester [England] : John Wiley,1999