|
Reactions
between limestone and oil shale during
spontaneous
combustion occurred in Israel to form a natural deposit of cement
compounds. |
|
Egyptians
used mud mixed with straw to bind dried bricks. Also furthered the
discovery
of lime and gypsum mortar as a binding agent for building the Pyramids
|
|
Used
cementitious materials to hold bamboo together in their boats and in
the
Great Wall. |
|
Romans
used slaked lime a volcanic ash called pozzuolana, found near Pozzouli
by the bay of Naples. They used lime as a cementitious material. Pliny
reported a mortar mixture of 1 part lime to 4 parts sand. Vitruvius
reported
a 2 parts pozzolana to 1 part lime. Animal fat, milk, and blood were
used
as admixtures Basic section of unreinforced concrete |
|
of PorticuHouse
s Aemelia made of bound stones to form concrete |
|
The
Pantheon
|
|
The
art of Concrete was lost after the fall of the Roman Empire
|
|
Joseph
Moxon wrote about a hidden fire in heated lime that appears upon the addition of water. |
|
John
Smeaton, British Engineer, rediscovered hydraulic cement through
repeated
testing of mortar in both fresh and salt water |
|
Bry
Higgins was issued a patent for hydraulic cement (stucco) for exterior
plastering use. |
|
James
Parker from England patented a natural hydraulic cement by calcining
nodules
of impure limestone containing clay, called Parker’s Cement or Roman
Cement. |
|
Louis
Vicat of France prepared artificial hydraulic lime by calcining
synthetic
mixtures of limestone and clay. |
|
Maurice St. Leger was issued patents for hydraulic cement. |
|
Canvass
White, American Engineer, found rock deposits in Madison, County, New
York,
that made hydraulic cement with little processing |
|
John
Tickell and Abraham Chambers were issued more hydraulic cement patents.
|
|
James
Frost of England prepared artificial hydraulic lime like Vicat’s and
called
it British Cement. |
|
Joseph
Aspdin, bricklayer and mason in Leeds, England, patented what he called
portland cement, since it resembled the stone quarried on the Isle of
Portland
off the British coast. |
|
Erie Canal created the first great demand for cement in the US |
|
I. K.
Brunel is credited with the first engineering application of portland
cement,
which was used to fill a breach in the Thames Tunnel. |
|
Jean-Louis
Lambot was the first to use reinforcing in boats |
|
William
B. Wilkinson erected a reinforced concrete servants cottage
|
|
Portland
cement used in the construction of the London sewer system
|
|
Joseph
Monier patented a design for reinforces garden tubs, beams and posts
|
|
The
fist recorded shipment of portland cement to the US |
|
Francois
Coignet, a builder in France, responsible for the first widespread use
of concrete in buildings |
|
David
O. Saylor established the first portland-cement plant in the US in
Coplay,
PA |
|
William
E. Ward builds the first landmark building in reinforced concrete in
Port
Chester, NY. Designed by Architect Robert
Mook
|
|
Ward
delivered a paper on the house to the Society of Mechanical Engineers.
|
|
Earnest
L. Ransom patented a reinforcing system using twisted rods.
|
|
F. Ransome
patented a slightly tilted horizontal kiln which could be rotated so
the
material moved gradually form one end to the other |
|
Henri
Le Chatelier of France established oxide ratios to prepare the proper
amount
of lime to produce portland cement. He named the components: Alite
(tricalcium
silicate), Belite (dicalcium silicate), and Celite (tetracalcium
aluminoferrite).
He proposed that hardening is caused by the formation of crystalline
products
of the reaction between cement and water. |
|
The
first concrete reinforced bridge is built. |
|
George
Bartholomew placed the first concrete street in the USA in
Bellefontaine,
OH. which still exists. |
|
Ingalls
bldg. using the Ransome system, was the first concrete skyscraper. ![]() |
|
Francois
Hennebique patented the Hennebique system. He was responsible for the
widespread
acceptance of reinforced concrete. |
|
Thomas
Edison was a pioneer in the further development of the rotary kiln.
![]() |
|
August
Perre makes concrete an acceptable architectural material Perre builds 25 bis Rue Franklin and the Theatre Champs Elysee |
|
Ingalls
building, probably the beginning of high-rise concrete const.
|
|
Portland
Cement Association founded
|
|
The
US Bureau of Standards and the American Society for testing Materials
established
a standard formula for portland cement |
|
Meis van der Rohe proposes concrete high-rises |
|
The
tallest concrete building was built – 230 ft., the Medical Arts bldg.,
Dallas |
|
Notre
Dame du Raincy |
|
Eugene
Freyssinet develops successful pre-stressed concrete |
|
Eduardo
Torroja, designed the first thin shelled roof at Algeciras
|
|
Eduardo
Torroja, designed the Madrid Hippodrome.
|
|
The
first major concrete dams, Hoover
Dam
and Grand Coulee Dam, were built. ![]() |
|
Pier
Luigi Nervi built the hangers for the Italian Air Force using thin
shell
construction |
|
Le Corbusier
builds Villa
Savoye ![]() |
|
Frank
Lloyd Wright was the one of the first to exploit the cantilever at Fallingwater.
![]() |
|
Portland
Cement Laboratories perfect air-entrained concrete |
|
FLLW
builds on Meis’ ideas at the Johnson
wax tower ![]() |
|
FLLW
builds the Guggenheim
made of reinforced concrete ![]() |
|
Le Corbusier
builds Ronchamp ![]() |
|
Felix
Candela masters the concrete shell |
|
Felix
Candela builds the restaurant at Xochimilco |
|
Executive
House Hotel, Chicago, exceeds the Medical Arts record at 371 ft.
|
|
Le Corbusier
builds La Tourette |
|
Bank
of Georgia Building in Atlanta beats Executive House at 391 ft.
|
|
Le Corbusier
builds the government complex at Chandigara India |
|
Bertrand
Goldberg’s twin towers at Marina City marked the beginning of the use of reinforced concrete in modern skyscrapers and set the height record to 588 ft. |
|
1000
Lake Shore Drive beats Marina City at 640 ft. 6000 psi concrete in the
lower columns was used for the first time. |
|
Place
Victoria in Montreal, ht 624 ft. using 6000psi concrete columns
|
|
First
concrete domed sport structure, the Assembly Hall, was constructed at
The
University of Illinois, at Urbana-Champaign. |
|
Lake
Point Towers, 70 stories, 645 ft. 7500 psi concrete |
|
One
Shell Plaza, Houston, ht 714 ft., using 6000 psi concrete |
|
Fiber
reinforcement in concrete was introduced. |
|
Water
Tower Place, 859 ft., 9000psi conc. using superplasticizers
|
|
Peak
shipment of portland cement to the US increased to nearly 3 million
barrels |
|
The
"highest strength" concrete was used in building the Union Plaza
constructed
in Seattle, Washington. |
|
Scotia
Plaza Building, Toronto, 907 ft. |
|
311S
Wacker and Two Prudential Plaza in Chicago sets new height record at
920
ft. |
|
Petronas
Twin Towers, 1476 ft.
|